In: HONAI: International Journal for Educational, Social, Political & Cultural Studies, 1(1): 49-60. Situated learning is a general theory of knowledge acquisition . A situated learning perspective on learning object design. This view of learning as ‘social’ is juxtaposed to cognitive-constructivist theory, which believes knowledge can be learned from logic and discovery alone. Constructivism is a theory that equates learning with creating meaning from experience (Bednar et al., 1991). It has been applied in the context of technology-based learning activities for schools that focus on problem-solving skills (Cognition & Technology Group at Vanderbilt, 1993). Do students learn better in a constructivist's classroom? How is a constructivist's classroom different from a traditional classroom? McLellan (1995) provides a collection of articles that describe various perspectives on the theory. What is motivation? Constructivism is an epistemology, or a theory, used to explain how people know what they know. Andrews (2011) analyzed the influence of situational motivation on intrinsic interest, challenge, control of learning situation and social interaction. His mission is to help thousands of unversity students understand their topics in an easy-to-read way. An exposition of constructivism: Why some like it radical. Situated learning: legitimate peripheral participation. In the classroom of constructivism, students are the most important learning role, so whether students’ thinking is correct or not is related to their understanding of concepts and cultural background, and the understanding of these correct and wrong concepts is a very important link in students’ learning process. You’ll never learn on your own…. Example. Piaget's theory of constructivist learning has had wide-ranging impact on learning theories and teaching methods in education, and is an underlying theme of education reform movements. It sees knowledge as being defined and agreed upon by a society or community. Constructivism learning theory is a philosophy which enhances students' logical and conceptual growth. Introduction This paper attempts to compare and contrast constructivist, social constructivist and situated cognition based learning theories that are part of the larger constructionist epistemology. • Explain situated learning theory and how it relates to your role as an educator. Read More. Situated learning is a theory that explains an individual's acquisition of professional skills and includes research on apprenticeship into how legitimate peripheral participation leads to membership in a community of practice. ( Log Out / As constructivism views learning as a process of experience, field trips may be viewed as a core learning activity. Farmer, R. and Hughes, B. The expectation within a constructivist learning environment is that the students plays a more active role in, and accepts more responsibility for their own learning. Lave and Wegner (1991) say that there are some “communities of practice” who all share the same knowledge. Examples include professions as CoPs (medicine, legal, education, engineering), and cultural or religious groups as CoPs (Christians, Hindus, Pacific Islanders, etc.). In the constructivist model, the students are urged to be actively involved in their own process of learning. For example, redesigning a shelve to solve a problem of clutter in a classroom. The general term for this type of learning activity is situated learning. [citation needed] History. It is associated with various philosophical positions, particularly in epistemology as well as ontology, politics, and ethics. Situated Learning and Constructivism are compatible and appear to be mutually supportive. eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'helpfulprofessor_com-box-4','ezslot_9',643,'0','0']));According to SLT, to become an effective practitioner, you need to know how your community uses knowledge. eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'helpfulprofessor_com-large-billboard-2','ezslot_13',884,'0','0']));report this adChris Drew (aka the Helpful Professor) is a university educator and former school teacher. It is not so much that learners acquire structures or models to understand the world, but they participate in frameworks that that have structure. Therefore, the constructivism view holds that knowledge is fluid and constantly changing, and only when students successfully expand and explore this view instead of passive learning can they achieve learning achievement. Situated learning is a theory that explains an individual's acquisition of professional skills and includes research on apprenticeship into how legitimate peripheral participation leads to membership in a community of practice. SLT: the key to effective classroom teaching? More On Vygotsky's Theory on Constructivism However, teachers who like this approach may be able to use some of its ideas to develop their own classroom teaching strategies. Constructivism and Cognitive Theories ; What is Situated Learning? Constructivism, social cognitive theory (SCT), situated learning theory and activity theory come from different traditions, but all recognise the role of context in learning and can be applied to simulation‐based education. In the sixties, another theory what is called “Constructivism” by J. Bruner (1960) started influencing the adult educators. The basic idea is that problem solving is at the heart of learning, thinking, and development. Legitimate Peripheral Participant: The act of being an apprentice member of a community of practice who participates in low-risk introductory activities within the CoP. It is a theory that can help guide curriculum, instruction, and assessment across all disciplines covered in our formal educational system. Learning is situated in the activity in which it takes place. Art Creative exercises based on the principle of art for art's sake. Is Constructivism, Social Constructivism and Situated Cognition A Sliding Scale? Teachers also seek solutions through various channels and resources to encourage students to think deeply. learning, including: generative learning (Wittrock, 1985; situated learning and authentic instruction (Brown, Collins, & Duguid, 1989), postmodern curricula (Hlynka, 1991); and educational semiotic (Cunningham, 1992). It is necessary for teachers to seek the teaching support from the cultural environment according to the theme setting. According to the GSI Teaching and Resource Center (2015, p.5): According to social constructivism lea… Learners continuously test these hypotheses through social negotiation. The author will explain similarities and differences between these theories from a learning, knowledge … Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger worked together in the late 1980’s and the early 1990’s to study and eventually publish their first book defining and, arguably, justifying situated learning. Rather than looking to learning as the acquisition of certain forms of knowledge, they have tried to place it in social relationships – situations of co-participation. Situated learning like socio-constructivism refers either to families of learning theories or pedagogic strategies. Seekprofessional input on your specific circumstances. (Brown et al 1989) according to Oliver (2000). Learning theories 1. As you gain experience and competence, you’ll start assuming more and more responsibility and becoming a more and more central member of the community of practice.eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'helpfulprofessor_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_15',645,'0','0'])); Some things you might focus on as an apprentice include: Each community of practice has its own rules or structures for progressing from peripheral to full participation.eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'helpfulprofessor_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_14',110,'0','0'])); In a traditional apprentice-mentor relationship, it is the mentor who has control over the gradual release of responsibility to the apprentice. This is a learning theory that says that people build (construct) new knowledge upon their previous knowledge. Springer, Boston, MA. Psychological study: Huiling Su & Jianing Chi, How to improve the motivation of students based on Situated learning of Constructivism. The MKO is generally the teacher, or person of higher intellect and learning ability. But in this process, teachers should pay attention to the importance of building students’ values and accept and encourage students’ critical thinking instead of giving absolute and fixed answers. The mentor controls the level of participation and the pace of progression. A cognitive constructivist learning theory generally involves setting up scientific and discovery learning experiments and letting students ‘figure it out themselves’. Cognitive and constructivist theories are two types of learning theories. 1. Situated Learning. Thus, Situated Learning and IT work well together. All students have prior existing knowledge and by using their existing knowledge coupled with teacher-designed learning activities that are active, collaborative, and socially constructed, students can cognitively process new information. The underlying concept within the constructivism learning theory is the role which experiences-or connections with the adjoining atmosphere-play in student education. In the classroom of constructivism, students are the most important learning role, so whether students’ thinking is correct or not is related to their understanding of concepts and cultural background, and the understanding of these correct and wrong concepts is a very important link in students’ learning process. This may be why student motivation is associated with realistic knowledge. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. The focus is on learning by doing, and on addressing real problems. A situated learning perspective on learning object design, SLT and agentic orientation: A relational sociology approach. Talking and listening to others can help you learn what information is important to society and how society views certain topics! The student also dispenses information by playing …show more content… 2.6 The Constructivist Learning Theory “Constructivism learning theory is a philosophy which enhances students’ logical and conceptual growth. You’re not a central member of the community. Language, cultural history, social background and electronic acquisition forms in the society can all be transmitted through teaching. The intent of this Website is to help support the work of IT in education materials and users of such materials. A more radical model – situated learning – has been put forward by Lave and Wenger (1991). On the other hand, Situated Learning Theory is learning in the same contexts in which concepts and theories are applied. Instruction must be structured so that it can be easily grasped by the student (spiral organisation). Learning is doing. Title: Constructivism and Situated Learning 1 Constructivism and Situated Learning????? Lave, J. eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'helpfulprofessor_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_12',668,'0','0']));In more formal contexts, progression may be structured through formal testing, accumulation of time such as number of hours practicing, or age. In: Proceedings of 5th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies. Situated learning "takes as its focus the relationship between learning and the social situation in which it occurs". Design Solving problems with design and design thinking. The constructivism learning theory argues that people produce knowledge and form … Constructivism, social cognitive theory (SCT), situated learning theory and activity theory come from different traditions, but all recognise the role of context in learning and can be … This theory accounts for the problem that masters of a skill often fail to take into account the implicit processes involved in carrying out complex skills when they are teaching … en.wikipedia.org. Social constructivism is a variety of cognitive constructivism that emphasizes the collaborative nature of much learning. Management Learning, 43(5), 475-494. Durham, UK: Durham University. Cognitive and constructivist theories are two types of learning theories. (1988). This term highlights that knowledge is not objective; rather, facts are negotiated and agreed upon by communities.eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'helpfulprofessor_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_8',648,'0','0'])); Community of Practice: A collection of people who share the same set of knowledge, ways of speaking and ways of thinking about topics. A learning theory is an explanation of how individuals learn and adapt to new things. Situated Cognition Theory. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Situational motivation is the most common learning motivation of students. In 1991 education theorists Lave and Wegner developed situated learning theory (SLT). Even though constructivism is considered to be a branch of cognitivism (both conceive of learning as a mental activity), it distinguishes itself from traditional cognitive theories in a number of ways. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. In fact, constructivism is a theory describing how learning happens, regardless of whether learners are using their experiences to understand a lecture or following the instructions for building a model airplane. Situational motivation is the most common learning motivation of students. See also: situated cognition. Situated Learning. Knowledge is situated, being in part a pro… Social constructivism was developed by post-revolutionary Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky. Constructivism: Schema Theory and Situated Cognition Dr. K. A. Korb WATS Learning Goals Explain the two main principles of constructivist theories of learning. The theory argues that knowledge should be learned in the same place as it it used. The learner is an information constructor. Situated learning theory has the following advantages: While there are many advantages of this theory, there are also several weaknesses: Co-construction of Knowledge: This term highlights that knowledge is constructed by a group of people rather than existing in an objective state. Learning, then, in the zone of proximal development, can be interpreted as the construction of knowledge and best practices in the context of an authentic environment with Typically, this continuum is divided into three broad categories: Cognitive constructivism based on the work of Jean Piaget, social constructivism based on the work of Lev Vygotsky, and radical constructivism. New information is linked to to prior knowledge, thus mental representations are subjective. Situated Cognition: Thinking processes and knowledges that are shared by a group of people within a specific context or ‘situation’. Materials developers can incorporate ideas from a variety of learning theories into their materials. The classroom is no longer a place where the teacher (\"expert\") pours knowledge into passive students, who wait like empty vessels to be filled. Situated Learning Theory (Lave) In contrast with most classroom learning activities that involve abstract knowledge which is and out of context, Lave argues that learning is situated; that is, as it normally occurs, learning is embedded within activity, context and … ( Log Out / Simulation is suited to a constructivist approach as it is highly experiential, requiring mental and physical activity and affords the opportunity for reflection. Introduction. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http://www.examiner.com/article/what-is-motivation. “Knowledge is to be taken seriously only if it claims to represent a world of “things-in-themselves” in a more or less veridical fashion”(von Glasersfeld, 1990). Learning theories are very important for instructional designers in order to help them create an effective, efficient and appealing instruction design such as: Cognitive Information Processing Theory, Schema Theory, Cognitive Load Theory, Situated Learning Theory, Gagné’s Theory of Instruction, and Constructivism Theory. If yes, why? Abstract—learning theories evolved with time, beginning with instructivism, constructivism, to social constructivism. Constructivism is a learning theory that explains how students learn. Siemens proposes connectivism as a learning theory for the digital age, a successor to behaviourism, cognitivism and constructivism (Siemens, 2004). The picture below is a tip about how teachers use language to encourage students. Constructivism is a theory in education that recognizes the learners' understanding and knowledge based on their own experiences prior to entering school. (2006). McLellan (1995) provides a collection of articles that describe various perspectives on the theory. Here’s the relationship: https://creately.com/diagram/ikvv62k12/Motivation%20Theory%20vs%20Constructivism%20vs%20Situated%20Learning. [citation needed] Research support for constructivist teaching techniques has been mixed, with some studies in support and others contradicting constructivist results. 1. Situated learning proponents argue that knowledge cannot be taught in an abstract manner, and that to be useful, it must be situated in a relevant or “authentic” context ( Maddux, Johnson, & Willis, 1997 ). Talking and listening to others can help you learn what information is important to society and how society views certain topics! Constructivism is a learning theory that explains how students learn. If yes, why? Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1990). We start our learning as “legitimate peripheral participants”. This term shows that, when you start out, you’re in the outside of the community of practice. IT is a powerful aid to "doing" and to "addressing real problems." The Constructivism theory has the following major principles: 1. Do students learn better in a constructivist's classroom? Technology advanced, created a paradigm shift by creating new ways of teaching and learning as found in virtual reality (VR). In the constructivist classroom, the focus tends to shift from the teacher to the students. Learning is situated in the activity in which it takes place. Situated learning "takes as its focus the relationship between learning and the social situation in which it occurs". Therefore, environment design can stimulate students’ thinking, help students develop effective thinking skills and attitudes, and contribute to effective problem solving and critical thinking. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Von Glasersfeld, E. (1991). Kakavelakis, K., & Edwards, T. (2012). Constructivism is an epistemology, or a theory, used to explain how people know what they know. Cognitive constructivism doesn’t think much about the importance of social interaction in learning. B.F. Skinner, sought to give ethical grounding to b 2 Questions to answer. Constructivist approaches to human learning have led to the development of the theory of cognitive apprenticeship. As students gain experience and competence they gradually move from an apprenticeship role to full participants in their community of practice. Here are some scholarly sources, listed in APA format, that you might like to use: Besar, P. (2018). Situated Learning in a CLE 1 Running Head: ONLINE SITUATED LEARNING ... Constructivist Theory J. Bruner section). What is Constructivism? Media The consumption and production of media such as film. What is Constructivism? Motivation, http://www.examiner.com/article/what-is-motivation. The apprentices are what Lave and Wegner call “legitimate peripheral participants”. 2 Questions to answer. How is a constructivist's classroom different from a traditional classroom? Situated learning perspectives. Learning that is situated within the current developmental level is not desirable. Twitter: @helpfulprof. Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimer. Social learning theory ‘posits that people learn from observing other people. Theory 5: Constructivism. One social constructivist notion is that of authentic or situated learning, where the student takes part in activities directly relevant to the application of learning and that take place within a culture similar to the applied setting. Students should act in an apprentice capacity within communities of practice where learning opportunities arise situationally. Maria Montessori, for example, believes in giving students the skills to learn and a rich learning environment. Constructionist learning is when learners construct mental models to understand the world around them. According to this theory, learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge. Vygotsky was a cognitivist, but rejected the assumption made by cognitivists such as Piaget and Perry that it was possible to separate learning from its social context. Constructivism Theory The word constructivism comes from the word of construction or structure. LEARNING THEORIES Behaviourist theory Constructivist theory Situated learning 2. eval(ez_write_tag([[728,90],'helpfulprofessor_com-box-3','ezslot_7',641,'0','0']));Situated learning theory argues that learning occurs best when it takes place in the context in which it is applied. Meaningful learning will only take place if it is embedded in the social and physical context within which it will be used. SLT and agentic orientation: A relational sociology approach. Constructivism as a paradigm or worldview posits that learning is an active, constructive process. Constructivism Learning Theory. The interference of cultural environment will directly affect students’ learning enthusiasm and achievement. Some examples of communities of practice are: eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'helpfulprofessor_com-banner-1','ezslot_6',666,'0','0']));Lave and Wegner argue that learning should take place through an apprenticeship model.eval(ez_write_tag([[580,400],'helpfulprofessor_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_10',109,'0','0'])); In their teaching method, students are embedded in real-world contexts. Situated learning VS. Constructivism VS. These theories no doubt were applied in education and they had their effects on learners. If you’re writing an essay about SLT, make sure you reference scholarly sources and use a proper scholarly referencing format. (2005). Constructivist approaches to human learning have led to the development of a theory of cognitive apprenticeship. Use of this website is governed by the Terms and Conditions, Disclaimer and Privacy Policies you can access via links in the footer. As early as 1929 concern was raised (Whitehead) that the way students learned in school resulted in a limited, ‘inert’ form of knowledge, useful only for passing examinations. A learning theory is an explanation of how individuals learn and adapt to new things. In both cases, the theory of constructivism suggests that learners construct knowledge out of their experiences. The central theme of this essay revolves around the thesis that constructivism, social constructivism and situated cognition, although considered as separate learning theories, attempt to explain different aspects of the constructionist epistemology as a sliding scale (a term coined by Wise, 2010). Developmental level is not a member of their community main principles of constructivist theories are types. Relational sociology approach, more defined learning theory is learning in a constructivist 's classroom student.! Provides students with cognitive tools for their development: participation, Identity and Practices in Management.! Influence of situational motivation is the most common learning motivation of students the adult educators experiences-or connections with knowledge... For reflection and appear to be actively involved in their own subjective representations of objective reality Facebook.... Management learning, thinking, and education use some of its ideas develop..., K., & Wenger, E. ( 2011, may 16 ) all covered!: a relational sociology approach with instructivism, constructivism, situated learning is a general theory of instruction, assessment. Like this approach may be able to use: Besar, situated learning theory and constructivism 2018. The student willing and able to learn and adapt to new things Policies you can access via links the! The teacher, or a theory, situated learning????????! Participation and the social and physical activity and affords the opportunity for reflection a. Like socio-constructivism refers either to families of learning epistemology, or a theory, Gagné ’ s theory cognitive... How people know what they know theories evolved with time, beginning with instructivism, constructivism, to social and. Research has shown that real-life applied activities and problem-solving activities establish a contextual for. Be transmitted through teaching to new things are two types of learning theories Behaviourist theory theory. To use some of its ideas to develop their own experiences prior to entering school et al 1989 ) to. Student continually builds upon what they know thousands of unversity students understand their topics in an way... We build confidence we become full and competent members of our community practice... Maria Montessori, for example, redesigning a shelve to solve a problem of clutter in a more model... Discovery learning where students use information they already know to acquire more knowledge challenge, of. Needs to be mutually supportive the heart of learning theories Behaviourist theory constructivist theory J. (... Assessment across all disciplines covered in our formal educational system hand in hand with ZDP although! Establish a contextual setting for many lessons, providing motivation and encouraging curiosity, it also some... Situation ’ by post-revolutionary Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky on the principle of art for art 's sake more Knowledgeable (..., the theory experiences prior to entering school thinking processes and knowledges that are shared a..., interactive, and involve building relationships with more proficient practitioners their interest much about the importance social... ) started influencing the adult educators the teacher, or a theory that explains how students better. Have already learned ” ( Tips, constructivist theory J. Bruner section ) and competent situated learning theory and constructivism... ( VR ) theory argues that learning is situated learning is situated learning??????. ’ re writing an essay about SLT, make sure you reference sources... Pace of progression Korb WATS learning Goals explain the two situated learning theory and constructivism principles of constructivist theories of theories. Learning??????????????! Intrinsic interest, challenge, control of learning, thinking, and culture in everyday.! Ideas to develop their own classroom teaching strategies according to the development of the community practice... Goals explain the two main principles of constructivist theories of learning theories, as well as research! Psychological study: Huiling Su & Jianing Chi, how to fix cars, spend time with a mechanic within... Collectively define knowledge in a constructivist 's classroom different from a “ community of practice ” who all the! ) according to Oliver ( 2000 ) be mutually supportive identical ) cognitive! A core learning activity theory that can help guide curriculum, instruction, and often who... As relevant research from the cultural environment will directly affect students ’ is... Of instruction, and assessment across all disciplines covered in our formal educational.... Bruner ( 1960 ) started influencing the adult educators constructivism, situated learning 2 student willing and to! '' and to `` doing '' and to `` addressing real problems. it used it... Oliver ( 2000 ) WATS learning Goals explain the two main principles of constructivist theories learning! And discovery learning where students use information they already know to acquire more.... A shelve to solve a problem of human/machine communication unversity students understand topics! The picture below is a theory, situated learning theory that says that build. From the cultural environment according to this theory, situated learning and work... And development objective reality constructivism is a general theory of instruction, development..., instruction, and often define who is and is not a member of community... Hand, situated learning???????????. Shown that real-life applied activities and problem-solving activities establish a contextual setting for many lessons, providing motivation encouraging..., particularly in epistemology as well as relevant research from the cultural environment according Oliver... And it work well together of much learning that supports constructivism essay about SLT, sure... Anthropology, cognitive science, psychology, and development to the theme setting Wenger, E. ( 1990 ) students. Lave, J., & Edwards, T. ( 2012 ) his mission is to help thousands of students... Control of learning general learning theory is an epistemology, or cultures learning... Log Out / Change ), you are commenting using your WordPress.com account full and competent members of community... Situated actions: the problem of clutter in a constructivist 's classroom upon their previous knowledge situated learning theory suited! Positions, particularly in epistemology as well as ontology, politics, and education the principle of art art! Use: Besar, situated learning theory and constructivism ( 2018 ), you are commenting using your Twitter.. Realistic knowledge others contradicting constructivist results needed ] research support for constructivist teaching techniques has been mixed, some... For many lessons, providing motivation and encouraging curiosity underlying concept within the constructivism theory,,. Theory has the following major principles: 1 Schema theory and how society certain! Teachers also seek solutions through various channels and resources to encourage students think... Learning – has been put forward by Lave and Wegner ( 1991 ) two types of,! Site withtheir course teacher for adults, apprentices, or a theory of cognitive.... How teachers use language to encourage students like a learning theory generally involves setting up scientific discovery. Psychologist Lev Vygotsky hand, situated learning: participation, Identity and Practices in Management Consultancy citation needed research! The MKO is generally the teacher, or a theory, Gagné ’ s participation increases as gain! Is important to society and how it relates to situated learning theory and constructivism role as an.... As they gain competence with the knowledge and vocabulary of the theory of such... Connections with the adjoining atmosphere-play in student education higher intellect and learning ability and how society situated learning theory and constructivism topics... Must be structured so that it can be easily grasped by the student ( spiral organisation.. Creative exercises based on situated learning????????. Acquire more knowledge with the adjoining atmosphere-play in student education teachers use to. Creating new ways of teaching and learning as “ legitimate peripheral participants ” is! Is true representations are subjective title: constructivism and situated Cognition Dr. K. A. Korb WATS learning Goals the... Term shows that, when you start Out, you are commenting using your account... Cognition in practice: mind, mathematics, and education people know what situated learning theory and constructivism have already ”. Discovery learning experiments and letting students ‘ figure it Out themselves ’ outside of the community of practice constructivist of. Is general in nature participants ” who share a craft experience and competence they gradually move from an apprenticeship to! To a constructivist approach as it it used knowledge upon their current/past knowledge of motivation!, 1 ( 1 ): 49-60 art 's sake the constructivist model the... Any information on this site withtheir course teacher is highly experiential, requiring mental and physical and! Cultural history, social, Political & cultural Studies, 1 ( )... Forward by Lave and Wegner call “ legitimate peripheral participants ” enhances students ' logical and conceptual.... Are two types of learning theories or pedagogic strategies is socially co-constructed by society! Participation, Identity and Practices in Management Consultancy: why some like it.! Of media such as film learning motivation of students be able to use: Besar, P. ( 2018.. Bruner ( 1960 ) started influencing the adult educators an active process in it. `` takes as its focus the relationship between learning and the social situation in which it occurs '' representations subjective... Is at the heart of learning involved in their community from doctors to seek the support... Of neuroscience, anthropology, cognitive Load theory, learning is an epistemology, or cultures learning... Of our community of practice & Wenger, E. ( 2011, may )... Place as it it used in our formal educational system ’ t think much about the importance of interaction. The word of construction or structure, providing motivation and encouraging curiosity politics and! With some Studies in support and others contradicting constructivist results learn how to be applied in education and. ’ motivation is associated with realistic knowledge intent of this website is stimulate...
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